Green Protectionism: Mekanisme Proteksi Produk Domestik Uni Eropa melalui European Union Deforestation Regulation

Abstract

Abstrak

Uni Eropa memosisikan diri sebagai pelopor dalam pelindungan lingkungan global melalui European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), yang diklaim sebagai upaya untuk mengatasi deforestasi dan degradasi hutan akibat konsumsi produk pertanian di kawasannya. Tingginya permintaan publik mendorong impor yang berkontribusi pada defisit perdagangan Uni Eropa dengan negara-negara mitra dagangnya. Namun, kebijakan ini justru menimbulkan hambatan perdagangan bagi eksportir utama seperti Brasil dan Indonesia, yang memasok produk dalam cakupan EUDR seperto kedelai, sapi, dan kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini menerapkan teori Proteksionisme Hijau dengan pendekatan kualitatif-deskriptif berdasarkan data sekunder melalui studi literatur. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa Brasil dan Indonesia menghadapi tantangan meliputi tingginya biaya kepatuhan yang tinggi bagi petani kecil, ketidaksesuaian metode antara EUDR dengan sertifikasi sawit Indonesia serta standar kehutanan Brasil, dan dampak kebijakan subsidi Uni Eropa yakni Common Agricultural Policy yang didukung oleh kebijakan Renewable Energy Directive II. Selain itu, produksi minyak nabati substitusi oleh Uni Eropa, seperti minyak raps dan bunga matahari, memperkuat daya saing domestik yang membatasi ekspor utama dari Brasil dan Indonesia. Langkah-langkah ini memperlihatkan adanya dualitas peran EUDR melalui dalih keberlanjutan lingkungan yang sejatinya digunakan sebagai strategi pelindungan pasar domestik Uni Eropa.

Kata-kunci : Brasil, EUDR, Indonesia, proteksionisme hijau, Uni Eropa

Abstract

The European Union positions itself as a pioneer in global environmental protection through the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which is claimed to be an effort to address deforestation and forest degradation due to the consumption of agricultural products in the region. High public demand drives imports that contribute to the European Union's trade deficit with its trading partner countries. However, this policy actually creates trade barriers for major exporters such as Brazil and Indonesia, which supply products covered by the EUDR such as soybeans, beef, and palm oil. This study applies the theory of Green Protectionism with a qualitative-descriptive approach based on secondary data through literature studies. The findings show that Brazil and Indonesia face challenges including high compliance costs for smallholder farmers, incompatibility between the EUDR method with Indonesian palm oil certification and Brazilian forestry standards, and the impact of the European Union's subsidy policy, namely the Common Agricultural Policy supported by the Renewable Energy Directive II policy. In addition, the production of substitute vegetable oils by the EU, such as rapeseed and sunflower oil, strengthens domestic competitiveness, which limits major exports from Brazil and Indonesia. These measures demonstrate the duality of the EUDR's role through the pretext of environmental intuition which is actually used as a strategy to protect the EU's domestic market.

Keywords : Brazil, EUDR, European Union, green protectionism, Indonesia