Morphological Characterization and Phenetic Relationship Analysis of Paphiopedilum Orchids
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24843/Keywords:
conservation, morphology, orchid, Paphiopedilum, phenetic relationshipAbstract
Paphiopedilum orchids are among the most distinctive and conservation-priority members of Orchidaceae because of their ornamental value, restricted distribution, and vulnerability to habitat loss and overexploitation. This study aimed to characterize the morphology of four Paphiopedilum species and to assess their morphology-based phenetic relationships as preliminary information for conservation and breeding programs. Plant materials were obtained from orchid collectors and nurseries associated with the Pancasari area, Buleleng Regency, Bali, from July to December 2024. Qualitative and quantitative characters of leaves, stems, flowers, and flower stalks were observed using standard orchid characterization descriptors, including the RHS Colour Chart for color identification. Morphological data were analyzed descriptively and subjected to UPGMA clustering using Euclidean distance in Minitab 22. Four species were characterized: Paphiopedilum agusii, Paphiopedilum javanicum, Paphiopedilum lowii, and Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum. Clear interspecific variation was observed in leaf shape, leaf margin, leaf apex, leaf surface texture, leaf symmetry, inflorescence type, flower aroma, sepal and petal morphology, flower color, and several quantitative characters. Paphiopedilum lowii showed the most prominent dimensions, particularly in leaf length, flower diameter, and flower stalk length, and appeared as the most divergent taxon in the cluster analysis. Paphiopedilum agusii and Paphiopedilum javanicum showed the closest phenetic relationship. These findings provide baseline morphological information for Paphiopedilum germplasm documentation, conservation planning, and preliminary parent selection in breeding programs. Molecular analysis and voucher-based taxonomic validation are recommended to strengthen the interpretation of evolutionary relationships.
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