Majalah Ilmiah Fisioterapi Indonesia (MIFI) — Indonesian Scientific Journal of Physiotherapy is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Undergraduate and Professional Physiotherapy Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, in collaboration with the Indonesian Physiotherapy Association (IFI). The journal publishes original research articles, literature reviews, case reports, and systematic reviews in the fields of physiotherapy, rehabilitation, public health, and related health sciences. MIFI aims to serve as a platform for disseminating scientific knowledge, fostering the development of physiotherapy science, and strengthening collaboration among practitioners, academics, and researchers at both national and international levels.
Program Studi Sarjana Fisioterapi dan Profesi Fisioterapi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Udayana bersama Ikatan Fisioterapi Indonesia
Agility and Foot-Eye Coordination in Youth Soccer: A Cross-Sectional Study on Dribbling Skills
Introduction: Dribbling is a fundamental soccer skill, often associated with agility and foot-eye coordination. However, the extent to which these factors contribute to dribbling skills requires further investigation. This study aims to analyze the relationship between these variables and dribbling skills in Soccer School (SSB) participants aged 10-12 years in Denpasar. Methods: This analytical observational study employed a cross-sectional design and involved 78 SSB participants in Denpasar, selected through purposive sampling. Agility was measured using the Balsom Agility Test, foot-eye coordination using the Mitchell Soccer Test, and dribbling skills using the Dribbling Test. Normality testing was conducted using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, while correlations between variables were analyzed using Pearson and Spearman correlation tests and multiple regression analysis. Results: The findings indicated a weak to moderate positive correlation between agility and dribbling skills (r = 0.384, p = 0.000), suggesting that higher agility is associated with better dribbling skills, albeit with a relatively weak relationship. Conversely, foot-eye coordination showed a weak, non-significant negative correlation with dribbling skills (r = -0.174, p = 0.178), indicating that better foot-eye coordination does not necessarily enhance dribbling skills. There was a slight tendency toward an inverse relationship, although weak. Conclusion: Agility has a weak positive correlation with dribbling skills, whereas foot-eye coordination exhibits a weak, non-significant negative relationship. Factors like BMI, speed, and balance may also influence dribbling skills and should be explored in future research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tjokorda Istri Agung Rosanthi Pradnyani, Indah Pramita, Ni Wayan Tianing, Ni Komang Ayu Juni Antari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Overweight and Flat Foot on Walking Speed in University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: University students are in a transitional phase from adolescence to adulthood, which is a productive period that requires adequate physical fitness to perform daily activities. Walking is one of the most common activities and represents an essential mode of transportation in daily routines. Walking speed varies among individuals, and one factor influencing it is foot posture abnormalities, such as flat foot, which may lead to musculoskeletal complaints and ultimately reduce walking speed. In adults, flat foot is often associated with excessive body mass index (BMI), which increases pressure on the foot arch. This study aimed to explore the relationship between overweight, flat foot, and walking speed. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using purposive sampling. A total of 86 participants meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, who did not withdraw, were included. BMI was measured, flat foot was assessed using the wet footprint test, and walking speed was evaluated using the 4-meter walk test. Results: Spearman’s rho correlation analysis revealed no significant association between overweight BMI and flat foot with walking speed (p=0.893, p>0.05), nor between obese BMI and flat foot with walking speed (p=0.723, p>0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicate that there is no significant relationship between BMI and flat foot with walking speed among university students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatimah Azzahra Rachim, I Putu Yudi Pramana Putra, Gede Parta Kinandana, I Made Niko Winaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dumbbell Resistance Training and Upper Arm Fat Percentage Reduction: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Adults aged 20–40 years often exhibit low awareness regarding the importance of maintaining health. Physical inactivity and poor dietary habits can negatively affect body composition, particularly body fat percentage. Both insufficient and excessive body fat can adversely impact health. Dumbbell resistance training has been proposed as an effective intervention to control subcutaneous fat, particularly in the upper arm. This study aimed to investigate the association between dumbbell resistance training and upper arm fat percentage in adult women aged 20–40 years in Denpasar, Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study employed purposive sampling to recruit 33 adult female participants who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data on dumbbell resistance training duration were obtained through interviews, while upper arm fat percentage was measured using a skinfold caliper. Spearman’s rho correlation test was used to examine the relationship between training duration and upper arm fat percentage. Results: Analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between dumbbell resistance training and upper arm fat percentage (p=0.003, p<0.05), indicating that longer training duration was associated with lower fat percentage. Conclusion: Dumbbell resistance training is significantly associated with reduced upper arm fat percentage in adult women aged 20–40 years in Denpasar, Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adinda Claudia Dalimbua, Ni Luh Putu Gita Karunia Saraswati, Anak Ayu Nyoman Trisna Narta Dewi, Anak Agung Gede Angga Puspa Negara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Body Mass Index and Agility Among Physiotherapy Undergraduate Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Restrictions on daily activities to curb the spread of COVID-19 have disrupted regular routines, leading to reduced physical activity. This reduction in activity may affect adolescents’ nutritional status and overall health, often resulting in increased body weight, directly influencing body mass index (BMI). Elevated BMI can, in turn, impact agility. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between BMI and agility among physiotherapy undergraduate students at the Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University. Methods: An analytical observational cross-sectional study was conducted involving 47 participants selected using purposive sampling. BMI was calculated based on measured height and weight. Agility was assessed using the T-test. Data analysis was performed using the Spearman rho non-parametric correlation test. Results: The analysis revealed a significant inverse relationship between BMI and agility among the participants (r = -0.530, p < 0.05). Conclusion: There is a strong, significant, and negative correlation between BMI and agility in physiotherapy undergraduate students at Udayana University. Higher BMI is associated with lower agility levels.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wayan Budi Wicaksana, Made Widnyana, I Gusti Ayu Artini, I Wayan Gede Sutadarma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physical Activity, Musculoskeletal Pain, and Muscle Strength Decline Among Office Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, has experienced rapid development across various sectors, attracting residents for both living and working purposes. Among these residents, approximately 56.02 million are office workers. Office workers, defined as individuals employed in organizations to meet daily livelihood needs, typically work 8–10 hours per day. Prolonged sedentary work may limit physical activity, leading to musculoskeletal pain and reduced muscle strength, particularly in the lower limbs. This study aimed to examine the relationship between physical activity and the occurrence of musculoskeletal pain and muscle strength decline in office workers aged 20–35 years. Methods: An observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach was employed. Participants were selected using a non-probability sampling method, with 24 subjects meeting predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Physical activity levels were assessed using the Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire, musculoskeletal pain was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and muscle strength was evaluated with an aneroid sphygmomanometer. The Spearman rank correlation test was used to analyze the relationship between physical activity, musculoskeletal pain, and muscle strength. Results: Statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between physical activity levels and both musculoskeletal pain and muscle strength decline among office workers aged 20–35 years (p<0.05). Conclusion: Physical activity levels are significantly associated with the occurrence of musculoskeletal pain and reduced muscle strength in office workers aged 20–35 years.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yuli Pryanka, Gede Parta Kinandana, Anak Agung Gede Angga Puspa Negara, Ni Komang Ayu Juni Antari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association Between Cognitive Function and Daily Living Activities in Elderly Women: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Aging can lead to physical, psychological, and social decline, including impaired cognitive function. Cognitive function refers to the ability to orient, decide, think, remember, assess, and perceive. Declines in cognitive function may reduce independence in performing activities of daily living (ADLs). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cognitive function and ADL performance in elderly women. Methods: This analytical observational study used a cross-sectional design. A total of 47 elderly women were recruited through purposive sampling based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cognitive function was measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the level of independence in ADLs was assessed using the Barthel Index. Data analysis was conducted using the chi-square correlation test. Results: The study was conducted in Banjar Lambing, Sibang Kaja Village, Badung Regency. The results showed a statistically significant association between cognitive function and the ability to perform ADLs, with a p-value of 0.006 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between cognitive function and activities of daily living in elderly women. These findings highlight the importance of early cognitive assessments and interventions to maintain functional independence among the elderly.
Copyright (c) 2025 Putu Divayani Darmika, Ni Komang Ayu Juni Antari, Anak Agung Gede Angga Puspa Negara, Anak Ayu Nyoman Trisna Narta Dewi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cross-Sectional Study on Physical Activity and Auditory Reaction Time in Elementary School Students
Introduction: The rapid advancement of information and communication technologies has significantly influenced children's lifestyle behaviors, particularly reducing their levels of physical activity. Physical activity plays a vital role in enhancing cognitive and motor functions, including reaction time. Auditory reaction time refers to the time interval between the perception of an auditory stimulus and the execution of a motor response, which is critical for learning processes and classroom responsiveness in school-aged children. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity levels and auditory reaction time among students at SD Negeri 5 Peguyangan Denpasar. Methods: This analytical observational study employed a cross-sectional design and purposive sampling technique. A total of 38 students who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. Physical activity levels were measured using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C), while auditory reaction time was assessed using Millisecond Software. Data were analyzed using the non-parametric Spearman’s rho test to determine the correlation between variables. Results: The analysis revealed a statistically significant negative correlation between physical activity levels and auditory reaction time (p = 0.017, p < 0.05), with a correlation coefficient of r = –0.384. This finding indicates that higher physical activity levels are associated with faster auditory reaction times. Conclusion: The study concludes that there is a weak but significant inverse relationship between physical activity and auditory reaction time in elementary school students. Promoting physical activity may contribute to improved cognitive-motor responsiveness in children, which is essential for their academic performance and daily activities.
Copyright (c) 2025 I Gusti Agung Paramananda Prajanata, I Made Niko Winaya, I Wayan Sugiritama, Ni Made Linawati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Association Between Body Mass Index and Menstrual Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Female Students
Introduction: Menstrual pain or dysmenorrhea is a common complaint among female students and may be influenced by various factors, including body mass index (BMI). Understanding this relationship is essential for early management and prevention strategies. Methods: This analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design involved 60 female students selected through purposive sampling. BMI was calculated based on weight and height measurements, while dysmenorrhea intensity was assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Results: Spearman’s rho correlation analysis showed a significant positive relationship between BMI and menstrual pain intensity (p = 0.003, r = 0.377), indicating that higher BMI is associated with greater pain levels. Conclusion: There is a significant, albeit low, positive correlation between BMI and dysmenorrhea intensity in female university students. These findings suggest the importance of maintaining a healthy BMI to potentially reduce menstrual pain severity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ketut Teni Arya Putri, Anak Agung Gede Angga Puspa Negara, Ni Komang Ayu Juni Antari, Ni Wayan Tianing (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Excess Body Weight Is Associated with Fall Risk Among Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Tension-type headache (TTH) is one of the most common forms of headache globally, often triggered by stress, fatigue, and poor posture, factors frequently experienced by university administrative staff. Although headaches are widespread, limited data exist regarding their prevalence in non-academic university personnel. Objective: To determine the prevalence of tension-type headache among administrative staff at the Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to February 2023 involving 66 administrative staff selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire based on standard diagnostic criteria for TTH. Results: Among the participants, 1 individual (1.5%) was classified as having tension-type headache, while 17 individuals (25.8%) met the criteria for probable tension-type headache. The remaining 48 participants (72.7%) reported no symptoms consistent with TTH. Conclusion: The prevalence of confirmed tension-type headache among administrative staff was relatively low. However, a significant proportion experienced probable TTH, suggesting a need for early identification and preventive strategies in occupational health settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rismawati Alidasil, Putu Ayu Sita Saraswati, Gede Parta Kinandana, M. Widyana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Introduction: Aging is associated with various degenerative changes in bodily functions, which may increase the risk of health problems, particularly falls. Excess body weight is one of the primary contributors to fall incidents among older adults, as it negatively affects postural stability and balance. This study examines the relationship between excess body weight and fall risk among older adults in Labasari Village, Karangasem. Methods: This study employed an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach, conducted in October 2022. Eighty-two older adults aged 60–75 in Labasari Village participated as subjects. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling. Results: Spearman’s rho correlation test was used to analyze the association between excess body weight and fall risk. The results showed a statistically significant correlation between excess body weight and fall risk (p = 0.000, p < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate a significant relationship between excess body weight and the risk of falls among older adults in Labasari Village, Karangasem.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ni Luh Putu Citra Mahadewi, Nila Wahyuni, Ni Luh Nopi Andayani, I Made Niko Winaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Forward Head Posture, Musculoskeletal Disorders, and Gaming Habits: A Cross-Sectional Study in Magelang City
Introduction: The rapid growth of esports has increased the risk of postural disorders, notably Forward Head Posture (FHP), due to prolonged video game playing sessions. Playing video games often requires sustained neck flexion to view lower-positioned objects. This leads to poor posture and subsequently the development of FHP, characterized by the head being misaligned with the shoulders. If left unaddressed, FHP can predispose individuals to neck pain and musculoskeletal disorders. Methods: This observational study employed a cross-sectional design and was conducted among esports athletes in Magelang City between August and October 2024. The study population consisted of adolescents and adults actively participating in esports communities in the city. A total of 99 participants met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Forward Head Posture was assessed using photogrammetry, while neck pain intensity was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s Rho correlation test. Results: Spearman’s Rho analysis indicated no significant relationship (p > 0.05) between FHP, musculoskeletal disorders, duration of playing, and playing time. Conclusion: Forward Head Posture and musculoskeletal disorders among esports athletes in Magelang City were not significantly associated with the duration and frequency of video game playing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ana Amaliya Fitri, Isnaini Herawati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation in Reducing Competitive Anxiety in Athletes: A Systematic Review
Introduction: Athletes often experience high pressure during competitions, leading to competitive anxiety, which affects performance. Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) is a technique that may help reduce anxiety in athletes. This review evaluates the effectiveness of PMR in lowering anxiety levels. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus, selecting 10 studies published between 2020 and 2025 with 337 participants. Inclusion criteria included experimental studies involving athletes with anxiety disorders, and the intervention was PMR. The studies were assessed using the PEDro scale, and a narrative synthesis was applied. Results: The review found that PMR significantly reduced anxiety levels in athletes, showing effectiveness in both somatic and cognitive anxiety. Conclusion: PMR is effective in reducing anxiety in athletes compared to other techniques. Age, athletic experience, and competition level should be considered when implementing PMR. Overall, PMR is a recommended mental training tool for reducing anxiety and optimizing performance in athletes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iman Santoso, Fayha Alya Amira Rahmah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Infrared Therapy on Pain in Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Narrative Review Based on Recent Literature
Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders are a major global health concern, contributing significantly to chronic pain, physical dysfunction, and reduced quality of life. Infrared (IR) therapy has emerged as a non-invasive intervention with potential benefits in pain relief, inflammation reduction, and tissue healing. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using two electronic databases: PubMed (11 articles) and Google Scholar (4 articles). Article selection involved screening titles, abstracts, and full texts based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Relevant data were extracted, including study design, sample characteristics, therapeutic approach, and outcomes. Results: Most reviewed studies reported that IR therapy effectively reduces pain, improves local blood circulation, decreases inflammation, promotes muscle relaxation, and facilitates tissue repair in patients with musculoskeletal disorders. However, heterogeneity in study design, sample size, and limited reporting on dosage protocols were noted. Conclusion: Infrared therapy is an effective and non-invasive modality for managing musculoskeletal pain and may be an adjunct to conventional treatment. Further high-quality studies are recommended to standardize therapeutic protocols and validate clinical efficacy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lenasari, Moh. Ali Imron (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Lower Limb Power in Volleyball Players: Countermovement Jump vs. Calf Raise – A Controlled Experimental Study
Introduction: Lower limb power is a crucial factor in the jumping performance of volleyball players. Recurrent injuries can reduce lower limb power, necessitating effective training methods. Countermovement jump and calf raise exercises are commonly used to improve lower limb power; however, their comparative effectiveness has not been extensively studied experimentally. Methods: This study employed a randomized controlled trial with a pretest-posttest two-group design. Twenty-two students aged 15–17 from a high school in Yogyakarta were randomly selected using simple random sampling. The intervention lasted four weeks, with sessions held three times per week. Lower limb power was assessed using the vertical jump test. Inclusion criteria comprised students actively playing volleyball without a history of injury in the past three months. Exclusion criteria included participants with medical conditions limiting physical activity or not completing the training sessions. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and independent t-tests in SPSS 26. Results: Countermovement jump was more effective than calf raises in enhancing lower limb power, with an average increase of 4.64 cm (12.3%) compared to 2.64 cm (7.2%) in the calf raise group (p = 0.002, effect size = Cohen’s d = 1.02). Conclusion: Countermovement jump is proven more effective than calf raises in improving lower limb power in volleyball players. This exercise can be considered a primary method in athletic performance enhancement programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alzi Ababil Maulana, Ummy A’isyah Nurhayati, Siti Nadhir Ollin Norlinta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation in Enhancing Athletes' Concentration: A Systematic Review
Introduction: Concentration is essential in individual and team sports and crucial to success. Athletes require high levels of focus in competitive environments. Those with good concentration perform optimally, while those struggling with focus may encounter difficulties during competitions. Current training programs often emphasize physical conditioning, technique, and tactics, while mental health training remains underexplored, including strategies to enhance concentration. One effective intervention for improving concentration is relaxation, particularly Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR), which combines muscle contraction and relaxation across different body regions. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of PMR in enhancing athletes’ concentration. Methods: This study employs a Systematic Literature Review approach. Articles were retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Semantic Scholar using the PICO framework: “Athlete” AND “Progressive Muscle Relaxation OR Jacobson’s Progressive Muscle Relaxation” AND “Concentration.” Articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The risk of bias was assessed using the PEDro Scale, and findings were synthesized using narrative synthesis. Results: A total of 839 articles were identified, with five meeting the final selection criteria. The studies reviewed indicate that PMR effectively enhances athletes' concentration. Conclusion: PMR significantly improves concentration and may be considered an integral part of mental training programs for athletes. Improved concentration enhances decision-making efficiency and reduces errors during competitions. Individual factors, such as stress levels and prior experience, should be considered when implementing PMR.
Copyright (c) 2025 Awalin Aulia Ramadhani, Safrin Arifin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Facial Muscle Strength and Recovery in Bell’s Palsy: A Cross-Sectional Insight
Introduction: Bell’s palsy causes unilateral facial weakness due to seventh cranial nerve damage, affecting motor function and impairing basic movements such as smiling, closing the eyes, and lip movement. This condition reduces the quality of life, making facial muscle strengthening essential for improving function and rehabilitation outcomes. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed facial muscle strength using Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) and facial function using the House-Brackmann (HB) scale. Data were collected retrospectively from medical records (2017–2024) and analyzed from June to August 2024. Of 219 cases of facial paralysis, 125 met the inclusion criteria. Participants were Bell’s palsy patients referred for physiotherapy at RS Katolik St. Vincentius a Paulo. Results: Facial muscle strength scores ranged from 0 to 1.8, with weakness observed in the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oris muscles. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between facial muscle strength and function, with HB scores indicating moderate to severe dysfunction (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Facial muscle strength is significantly associated with functional ability in Bell’s palsy patients. Gradual strengthening exercises should be included in rehabilitation programs. Further research with larger samples is needed to explore additional influencing factors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anastasia Putu Martha Anggarani, Herdianty K. Handari, Retno Widaningrum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Abdominal Muscle Strength on Pain and Lumbar Disability in Female Students at SMA Dwijendra: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Dysmenorrhea often involves lower back pain, affecting functionality. Abdominal muscles play a crucial role in maintaining stability and posture. In dysmenorrhea, strong abdominal muscles can reduce lumbar tension and pain intensity during menstruation. This study explores the relationship between abdominal muscle strength, pain intensity, and lumbar functional disability in female students with dysmenorrhea. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at SMA Dwijendra Denpasar with 117 female students with dysmenorrhea. Data were collected using a sphygmomanometer to measure abdominal muscle strength by placing the device under the lower back and recording pressure during muscle contraction. Pain intensity was measured using the NRS, and lumbar functional disability was assessed with the Modified Oswestry Disability Index. Results: Spearman rho analysis showed a significant relationship between abdominal muscle strength and dysmenorrhea pain intensity (p=0.000, r= -0.643) and between abdominal muscle strength and lumbar functional disability (p=0.000, r = -0.651). The Spearman rho test provided significant correlation values, offering statistical evidence of the relationships among the variables. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between abdominal muscle strength, pain intensity, and lumbar functional disability in female students with dysmenorrhea. These findings suggest that schools integrate physical exercise programs focusing on abdominal muscle strengthening into the physical education curriculum to reduce dysmenorrhea's negative impact on young women’s lives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ni Putu Oktaviani Putri, M. Widnyana, I Putu Gde Surya Adhitya, Govinda Vittala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diaphragmatic Breathing for Improving Lumbar Flexibility: An Experimental Study on Final-Year Students at STIKES Bethesda Yakkum Yogyakarta
Introduction: Many final-year students report neuromuscular issues associated with decreased lumbar flexibility. This study examines the effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing exercises in improving lumbar flexibility and reducing neuromuscular complaints. Methods: An experimental study with a one-group pretest-posttest design was conducted on 50 final-year students at STIKES Bethesda Yakkum Yogyakarta. Participants were selected based on inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. The study lasted for two weeks, with two sessions per week. Lumbar flexibility was measured before and after the intervention using the Modified-Modified Schober Test (MMST). Results: The results showed a significant increase in lumbar flexibility following diaphragmatic breathing exercises, with a p-value of 0.000. The average increase in lumbar flexibility was 1.16 cm (SD = 0.32 cm), indicating that this exercise effectively enhances lumbar flexibility. Conclusion: Diaphragmatic breathing exercises have a significant impact on improving lumbar flexibility in final-year students. These findings suggest that such exercises can effectively reduce neuromuscular complaints related to lumbar flexibility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gian Lisuari Adityasiwi, Resta Betaliani Wirata, Fajar Wijanarko, Nicholas Adi Perdana Susanto, Triyanto Nugroho (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Towel Curl and Short Foot Exercises on the Medial Longitudinal Arch in Children with Flat Foot: A Pre-Experimental Study
Introduction: Pes planus (flat foot) is a common condition in children characterized by a decrease in the medial longitudinal arch, which can affect balance, increase the risk of musculoskeletal injuries, and impact motor development. Towel curls and short foot exercises are believed to strengthen foot muscles and improve arch stability. This study evaluates the effectiveness of combining these exercises in children with flat feet. Methods: A pre-experimental study with a one-group pretest-posttest design was conducted on 10 boys aged 6–8 years from SD No 3 Kuwum who met the inclusion criteria (flat foot in the right foot for standardized measurement, no lower limb injuries, good dynamic balance, and effective communication). The intervention lasted 20 weeks, with sessions three times per week. Evaluations were conducted using the wet footprint test and Clarke’s angle measurement. Data analysis was performed using a paired sample t-test in SPSS 26.0. Results: Post-intervention, there was a significant improvement in the medial longitudinal arch (p = 0.001; p < 0.05), with an average increase in Clarke’s angle of 1.0 ± 0.67 degrees, compared to the normal range of 25°–42°. Conclusion: The combination of towel curl and short foot exercises effectively improves the medial longitudinal arch in children with flat feet. This study supports these exercises as part of physiotherapy interventions, although further research with a controlled design is needed for stronger validation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ni Luh Made Reny Wahyu Sari, Putu Mulya Kharismawan, Anak Agung Gede Angga Puspa Negara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Thoracic Expansion in Active Smokers: The Impact of Deep Breathing Exercises –An Experimental Study
Background: Smoking is a significant risk factor for respiratory disorders and contributes to reduced thoracic expansion. In Indonesia, the prevalence of active smokers remains high, negatively impacting lung capacity and respiratory function. Deep Breathing Exercise (DBE) has the potential to enhance thoracic expansion and improve pulmonary ventilation mechanisms, making it a promising respiratory rehabilitation intervention. Methods: This study employed a pretest-posttest experimental design with a single group and no control group. The research was conducted in Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java, involving 34 active smokers aged 25–45 years who smoked at least five cigarettes per day for more than one year. Individuals with COPD, asthma, or musculoskeletal chest disorders were excluded. The intervention lasted four weeks, with sessions conducted thrice weekly, each lasting 15 minutes. The thoracic expansion was measured using a flexible measuring tape at the axilla, the 4th–5th ribs, and the xiphoid process. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. Results: Deep Breathing Exercise significantly increased thoracic expansion (p < 0.05). The average increase in expansion was 1.2 cm at the axilla, 1.0 cm at the 4th–5th ribs, and 0.8 cm at the xiphoid process. Conclusion: Deep breathing Exercises enhance thoracic expansion in active smokers and can be utilized as a respiratory rehabilitation strategy. This exercise has the potential to be integrated into pulmonary rehabilitation programs to improve respiratory capacity and quality of life in active smokers. Further studies using a randomized controlled trial design are needed to confirm its effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fairuz Salsabila Basyasyah, Isnaini Herawati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
How Smoking Affects Quality of Life in Physically Active Individuals: A Study on Moderate-to-High Activity Levels
Introduction: Quality of life (QoL) is influenced by physical health, psychological well-being, environmental factors, and healthy lifestyle choices. Smoking has been shown to reduce QoL, while physical activity generally enhances it. Given the high prevalence of tobacco and varying levels of physical activity, it is essential to investigate whether the adverse effects of smoking persist even among individuals who engage in moderate to high levels of physical activity. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in November-December 2024 in Sukoharjo Regency, involving 303 respondents selected based on specific inclusion criteria. Data were collected using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), the Glover-Nilsson Smoking Behavioral Questionnaire (GNSBQ), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQoL-BREF). Statistical analysis included chi-square tests and regression analysis to determine the association between smoking habits and QoL. Result: The results indicated a significant association between smoking habits and QoL (p<0.05). Notably, heavy smokers reported lower QoL scores (31.7% good quality of life and 32.7% fair quality of life) compared to non-smokers or light smokers. This finding emphasizes that despite high physical activity levels, heavy smoking significantly detracts from QoL. Conclusion: Heavy smoking adversely impacts QoL, even in individuals with high levels of physical activity. Thus, it is crucial to implement targeted smoking reduction strategies and promote physical activity to enhance QoL. Public health policies and intervention programs should prioritize these aspects to foster healthier lifestyles among at-risk populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arini Ishmah Rose Haryanto, Wahyu Tri Sudaryanto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physical Activity, Sedentary Lifestyle, and Lumbar Flexibility in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Lumbar flexibility is crucial in maintaining good posture, supporting daily activities, and preventing musculoskeletal disorders. However, the rising prevalence of sedentary lifestyles among students, characterized by prolonged sitting and minimal physical activity, may negatively impact lumbar flexibility. This study analyzes the relationship between physical activity and sedentary lifestyle on lumbar flexibility in young adults. Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study involving a sample of 154 individuals selected based on inclusion criteria. Data were collected using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A), Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ), and Modified Schober Test. Data analysis was performed using Spearman correlation tests. Results: The analysis of the relationship between physical activity and lumbar flexibility showed a correlation coefficient of r = 0.036 with a p-value of 0.661, indicating a very weak relationship. Meanwhile, the relationship between sedentary lifestyle and lumbar flexibility had a correlation coefficient of r = -0.123 with a p-value of 0.130, indicating a weak negative correlation. Conclusion: Physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle are related to lumbar flexibility, although the strength of this relationship is very weak. These results suggest further investigation to understand other factors contributing to lumbar flexibility in young adults.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nabilla Yasmin, Wahyu Tri Sudaryanto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tandem Walking Exercise Improves Dynamic Balance in Reducing Fall Risk Among the Elderly: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Introduction: Elderly individuals are prone to balance disorders due to decreased muscle strength, postural changes, and reduced proprioceptive and visual function, all of which increase the risk of falls. This study aims to examine the effect of Tandem Walking Exercises on dynamic balance to reduce fall risk in older people. Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test control group. The study population consisted of elderly individuals in Karangasem Village, Central Java, with 70 participants. The sample was selected using purposive sampling, meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 50 respondents. Balance was assessed using the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT). Normality testing was conducted using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, as the sample size was ≥50. Data were analyzed using a paired t-test to evaluate balance changes before and after the intervention in the intervention group. Results: The intervention group showed a significant improvement in the average TUGT time (pre-test: 20.65 seconds; post-test: 17.96 seconds; p = 0.012). Conversely, the control group did not exhibit significant changes (pre-test: 19.70 seconds; post-test: 20.33 seconds; p = 0.180). Conclusion: Tandem Walking Exercise is proven effective in improving dynamic balance and reducing fall risk in older people. This intervention can be implemented as part of fall prevention programs in elderly communities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Atika Rianti Utami, Wahyu Tri Sudaryanto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Validity and Reliability of Mini OAKHQoL Questionnaire in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Methodological Study
Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease, particularly among women, which can lead to disability and a decreased quality of life. The decline in quality of life among OA patients can be measured using the Mini OAKHQoL-Ina (Osteoarthritis Knee and Hip Quality of Life Indonesia); however, its validity and reliability have not been tested in Indonesia to date. This study aims to evaluate the reliability of the Mini OAKHQoL-Ina questionnaire in Indonesian OA patients. Methods: This study employed an observational design with a methodological research approach. A total of 65 subjects were selected through purposive sampling. Validity was assessed using Pearson's Product-Moment correlation, while reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s Alpha to determine the instrument's internal consistency. Results: The analysis revealed that the Mini OAKHQoL-Ina demonstrated good validity across 16 questionnaire items. Internal consistency testing indicated high reliability, with a Cronbach’s Alpha score of 0.828 and an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) above 0.9 (excellent) for test-retest reliability. Conclusion: The Mini OAKHQoL-Ina has been proven to possess good validity across 16 items and high reliability in measuring the quality of life of knee osteoarthritis patients. Therefore, this questionnaire can be applied to assess the quality of life of osteoarthritis patients in Indonesia and serve as a basis for designing more effective interventions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanifah Imtiyas, Dwi Rosella Komala Sari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fear of Falling in Elderly at a Tertiary Hospital Rehabilitation Clinic: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Fear of falling (FOF) in older people can restrict physical activity. In comparison, long-term physical activity reduction may lead to declining physiological function of older people, ultimately decreasing overall quality of life. Comprehensive research on the prevalence of fear of falling in older people is needed to prevent the negative cycle of repeated falls and improve the quality of life of older people. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study with a questionnaire and interview to examine the variables of FOF (measured by FES-I), age, sex, fall history, and physical activity (measured by IPAQ-SF). Bivariate analysis used the Spearman correlation or Fisher Exact test to describe the association between FOF and each variable. Results: From 35 elderly patients of the medical rehabilitation outpatient clinic at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, the prevalence of low FOF is 17.1%, moderate FOF is 51.4%, and high FOF is 31.4%. The level of physical activity is significantly associated with the fear of falling (p=0.012), with the most significant prevalence of high FOF found in the elderly group with low activity (50%). Conclusion: The highest FOF prevalence is a moderate FOF level and correlates with physical activity. Further research is needed with a more significant number of heterogeneous subjects so that multivariate tests can be carried out by considering other variables that have yet to be investigated in this study.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ronaa Salsabiil, Rwahita Satyawati Dharmanta, Erikavitri Yulianti, Nuniek Nugraheni Sulistiawaty (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Duration of Playing Mobile Legends Online Games and Its Association with the Incidence of De Quervain Syndrome Among Adolescents at SMAN 2 Denpasar
Introduction: Playing Mobile Legends involves repetitive finger activities that increase the risk of injuries, such as De Quervain Syndrome (DQS). This study examines the association between the duration of gaming and the incidence of DQS among adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed with 66 male students from SMAN 2 Denpasar selected through purposive sampling. Data on gaming duration were collected using questionnaires and smartphone logs. DQS was assessed using the Finkelstein test and a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Spearman’s rho test was used for analysis. Results: A significant association was found between gaming duration and the incidence of DQS (p=0.009, r=0.319), indicating a moderate correlation. Most students playing for over 7 hours daily tested positive on the Finkelstein test. Conclusion: Prolonged gaming duration increases the risk of DQS. Education on time management and thumb stretching exercises can help prevent this injury.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prita Anggita Putritama, Anak Agung Gede Eka Septian Utama, Ni Wayan Tianing, I Made Niko Winaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Ankle Proprioceptive Control on Walking Balance in Post-Stroke Patients: A Pre-Experimental Study
Introduction: Good walking balance is crucial for improving the functional abilities of stroke patients. Balance impairments in stroke patients increase the risk of falls and hinder daily activities. Ankle proprioceptive control exercises have proven to enhance walking balance in post-stroke patients. Methods: This pre-experimental study employed a one-group pretest-posttest design with 30 participants selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects were subacute and chronic stroke patients aged 45–60 years. Ankle proprioceptive control exercises were administered thrice weekly at the Wijaya Clinic in South Jakarta for three months. Statistical analysis included the Shapiro-Wilk test and paired t-test. Results: There was a significant improvement in Ten-Metre Walking Test (10mWT) scores, with p=0.000, indicating the effectiveness of the exercise. Conclusion: Ankle proprioceptive control exercises effectively improve walking balance in post-stroke patients, as the increased 10mWT scores demonstrate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dori Budi Siswanto, Agung Hadi Endaryanto, Fransisca Xaveria, Sartoyo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advancing Mobility: Case Study on Neurodevelopmental Therapy for Improving Standing and Walking in Child with Global Developmental Delay
Introduction: A child's growth and development are categorized into physical and developmental progress. Developmental delay occurs when a child experiences physical, cognitive, behavioral, emotional, or social delays. When delays involve more than two developmental domains, such as fine motor, gross motor, language, social, cognitive, and daily activities, it is classified as global developmental delay (GDD). Encephalitis is a brain inflammation that can disrupt early neurological development, leading to developmental impairments. Method: This case of GDD was treated using neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT) techniques, including facilitating standing from a sitting position to walking, upright stimulation with toys, and assisted walking on an incline. Results: After four therapy sessions, improvements were observed in upright standing activities, with the child standing for 1 minute at T1 and increasing to 3 minutes at T4. Walking on an incline also improved, with no willingness to stop at T1 but a willingness to stop for 10 seconds at T4. However, there was no improvement in the parachute reflex or functional activity as measured by the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM). Conclusion: Significant improvement in children with special needs cannot be achieved with only four therapy sessions. Consistent, long-term therapy is required to achieve the desired outcomes, with family support playing a crucial role, as children spend more time with their families than in treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kholida Ayu Fareha, Yeni Tri Nurhayati, Lilin Turlina (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Validity and Reliability Testing of the Romberg Test Using a Methodological Approach in Stroke Patients
Introduction: One of the challenges post-stroke patients face is a decrease in balance, both static and dynamic. Evaluating static balance is crucial to preventing falls in stroke patients. One tool used to assess static balance is the Romberg test. A good measurement tool requires high validity and reliability. This study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Romberg test to measure static balance in stroke patients. Methods: This study employed an observational research design with a methodological approach, conducted at Pandan Arang Hospital in Boyolali from September to October 2024. The study population included stroke patients aged over 46 years. A total of 33 subjects were selected using purposive sampling, adhering to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using descriptive-analytic methods. The validity of the Romberg test was assessed using the Pearson Product Moment, while reliability was measured using Cronbach’s Alpha and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) to determine internal consistency. Results: The intra-rater reliability of Cronbach's Alpha for open and closed eyes tests was α=0.947 and α=0.994, respectively, indicating high consistency (ICC=0.973 and ICC=0.997). Similarly, the inter-rater reliability for both open and closed eyes tests showed excellent Cronbach’s Alpha values (α=1.000) and high consistency (ICC=1.000). Validity analysis using the Pearson Product Moment for open and closed eyes tests demonstrated high validity (p<0.001, r=0.947 and r=0.994, respectively). Conclusion: The Romberg test is proven valid and reliable for measuring static balance in stroke patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lida Nurhalisa, Isnaini Herawati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Risk Factors for Stress Urinary Incontinence in Postpartum Women: A Cross-Sectional Study in Ubud Village
Introduction: The postpartum period is a critical recovery phase for women, during which the reproductive system undergoes substantial physiological changes, including alterations in the pelvic floor muscles. These changes can predispose women to stress urinary incontinence (SUI), a prevalent yet underrecognized condition that negatively affects quality of life. Previous studies have reported a prevalence of 8.8% in Indonesia, with multiple risk factors contributing to its occurrence. This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with SUI in postpartum women in Ubud Village. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 93 postpartum women within one year after delivery who were registered in Ubud Village. Data collection employed the Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis (QUID), which demonstrates high reliability (Cronbach’s α=0.97) and sensitivity for diagnosing SUI. Additional structured questions assessed relevant risk factors. Statistical analysis included chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Chi-square analysis revealed significant associations between several risk factors and SUI. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that engaging in exercise for ≥12 weeks before delivery (OR=8.5, 95% CI=2.3–31.7), delivery before 40 weeks’ gestation (OR=6.8, 95% CI=1.8–26.7), and high pre-pregnancy body mass index (OR=2.3, 95% CI=1.0–5.0) were independent predictors of SUI. Cesarean delivery showed a protective effect (OR=0.21, 95% CI=0.1–0.8). Conclusion: All examined risk factors demonstrated significant associations with SUI, with pre-delivery exercise of ≥12 weeks emerging as the most influential predictor. These findings highlight the need for preventive strategies and targeted physiotherapy interventions to mitigate SUI risk in postpartum women.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pande Kadek Agus Artiana, Ni Luh Nopi Andayani, Ni Luh Putu Gita Karunia Saraswati, Made Hendra Satria Nugraha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0