Backpack Weight and Forward Head Posture: A Cross-Sectional Study in Junior High School Students

Abstract

Introduction: Excessive backpack weight exceeding 10% of body mass is linked to postural deviations, including forward head posture (FHP). The prevalence of FHP among adolescents aged 12–16 years is estimated at 63%, potentially increasing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders and reduced quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the association between backpack weight and FHP in junior high school students.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 24 February to 8 March 2024 at SMP-IT Ar-Rahmah, Makassar, using purposive sampling. A total of 121 students who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Backpack weight was measured with a digital scale, and the average weekly load was calculated. FHP was assessed by measuring the craniovertebral angle (CVA) using the On Protractor application. Fisher’s exact test was used to analyze associations.

Results: Seven students (5.8%) carried backpacks exceeding the recommended limit, while 114 students (94.2%) carried loads within the normal range. Four students (3.3%) exhibited severe FHP, 97 students (80.2%) had mild FHP, and 20 students (16.5%) demonstrated normal CVA values. Statistical analysis showed no significant association between backpack weight and FHP (p = 0.326).

Conclusion: In this population, the average weekly backpack weight was not significantly associated with forward head posture. Nonetheless, preventive strategies and postural education remain crucial to minimize musculoskeletal risks in adolescents.