Exercise-Based Interventions for Balance and Motor Function in Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review

Chalvina Radisa Nafti; Sri Novia Fauza

doi:10.24843/mifi.000001835

Authors

Chalvina Radisa Nafti Department of Physiotherapy, Vocational Education Program, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia Author
Sri Novia Fauza Department of Physiotherapy, Vocational Education Program, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24843/mifi.000001835

Keywords:

cerebral palsy, exercise therapy, postural balance, motor skills, physical therapy modalities

Abstract

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the leading cause of childhood physical disability, characterized by impairments in balance, postural control, and motor function that limit functional independence. Evidence comparing different exercise-based interventions remains limited.

Objective: To synthesize evidence on the effects of exercise-based interventions on balance, trunk control, gross motor function, and functional performance in children with CP.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SAGE, Cochrane Library, and Wanfang Data) were searched up to March 2025. Randomized controlled trials involving children with CP were included. A total of 10 studies comprising 288 participants were analyzed. Data were synthesized narratively due to heterogeneity in interventions and outcome measures. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool.

Results: Core stability training improved balance and gait parameters (knee flexion 81% vs 41%; p<0.05). Swiss ball stabilization showed significant improvements in trunk control (η²p=0.86; p<0.001) and gross motor function. Task-oriented training demonstrated consistent improvements in gross motor function and balance (p<0.0001). Pilates, dual-task training, and sit-to-stand interventions also resulted in significant functional gains.

Conclusion: Exercise-based interventions improve motor and functional outcomes in children with CP. Task-oriented training shows the most consistent evidence, while core stabilization and Swiss ball training provide additional benefits. However, heterogeneity and methodological limitations restrict definitive conclusions regarding comparative effectiveness.