Effectiveness of Core Stability and Heel Raise Exercise on Balance in Older Adults: A Narrative Literature Review

Abstract

Background: Aging is associated with declines in proprioception, muscle strength, and postural control, increasing the risk of balance impairment and falls in older adults. Exercise-based physiotherapy interventions such as core stability exercise and heel raise exercise have been widely used to improve balance and functional mobility.

Objective: This literature review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of core stability exercise and heel raise exercise in improving balance and reducing fall risk among older adults.

Methods: A literature review was conducted using articles obtained from PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The selected studies included randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and clinical studies published within the last ten years. The reviewed articles evaluated balance, proprioception, functional mobility, and fall risk following exercise interventions in older adults.

Results: The reviewed studies demonstrated that core stability exercise and heel raise exercise improved balance performance, ankle strength, proprioceptive control, and functional mobility. Several international studies also reported improvements in postural stability and reduced fall risk following sensorimotor and mobilization exercises. Local studies showed consistent improvements in Timed Up and Go and Berg Balance Scale outcomes after exercise interventions.

Conclusion: Core stability exercise and heel raise exercise appear effective in improving balance and reducing fall risk in older adults. These interventions may support postural control, neuromuscular activation, and functional mobility in geriatric rehabilitation programs. Further high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to strengthen the current evidence.