Effects of balance-strength training on balance and quality of life in type 2 diabetes: a quasi-experimental study

Abstract

Background: Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) frequently experience balance impairment, which adversely affects mobility and quality of life (QoL).
Objective: To evaluate the effects of a combined balance and lower-extremity strength training program on balance performance and quality of life in individuals with T2DM.
Methods: This non-randomized quasi-experimental pre–post control group study was conducted in community health centers and included 34 individuals with T2DM (intervention n = 17; control n = 17). Balance performance, assessed using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, was the primary outcome, while quality of life was measured using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. The intervention group performed structured static–dynamic balance and lower-extremity strengthening exercises three times per week for six weeks, whereas the control group exercised once weekly. Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests or non-parametric equivalents, with effect sizes reported.
Results: The intervention group demonstrated a significant reduction in TUG time (mean change = −2.76 ± 1.10 s; d = 2.51; p < 0.001). Significant improvements were observed in the physical (d = 0.81; p = 0.004) and environmental domains (r = 0.74; p = 0.002), as well as in the total WHOQOL-BREF score (r = 0.69; p = 0.005). Between-group analyses showed greater improvements in TUG (d = 1.40; p < 0.001), environmental domain (d = 0.63; p < 0.001), and total WHOQOL-BREF score (p = 0.032).
Conclusion: A six-week balance and lower-extremity strength training program effectively improved balance and selected QoL domains in individuals with T2DM.