Agrotrop : Journal on Agriculture Science
Agrotrop : Journal on Agriculture Science (AJoAS) (Print-ISSN : 2088-155X, Online-ISSN: 2654-4008) is often called AGROTROP/Agrotrop a Scientific Journal of Agriculture who publish and disseminate research results to the researchers and scientists in the field of agriculture from Universities and Research Institutions throughout Indonesia. Agrotrop received a manuscript of research results (original research) containing results of basic and applied research about science and of Soil Science, Environmental Science, Agronomy and Crop Science, Horticulture, Plant Diseases, Plant Protection, and Agricultural Biotechnology. The manuscript is written in Indonesian or English. The manuscript will be reviewed by reviewers from outside of the University of Udayana.
Growth of Banana cv. Kayu (Musa paradisiaca cv. Kayu) Meristemoids on Various Type of Media In Vitro
Banana is an important fruit commodity in Bali that has high demand from the tourism sector and religious ceremonies. However, its availability has not been fulfilled continuously because local production is limited and still relies on supplies from outside the region. One of the efforts to provide quality seedlings and preserve local banana genetic resources is through tissue culture techniques. This study aimed to obtain the best media composition for the growth of Timber banana meristemoids in vitro. The research was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University from February to November 2023, using a two-factor factorial design with five replications. The first factor was media type (MS, BMM, and AGS), while the second factor was growth regulator (Z0 = no ZPT, Z1 = BAP 5 ppm, Z2 = TDZ 2 ppm, Z3 = BAP 5 ppm + TDZ 2 ppm). Variables observed included shoot emergence, number of shoots, number of leaves, number of roots, and root length. The results showed no interaction between treatments, but MS media gave the best results in almost all variables observed. ZPT treatment significantly affected the number of leaves, with 2 ppm TDZ producing the best growth in the number of leaves, number of roots, and root length. Thus, MS media is the optimal media for in vitro culture of Timber banana meristemoids, while the use of 2 ppm TDZ is effective in increasing the growth of vegetative organs.
The Effect of in Vitro Modified Basic Media Types on the Morphological Growth of Dendrobium anosmum Lindl. Mutant Orchids Resulting from Gamma Ray Irradiation
The demand for orchid seedlings continues to increase every year, resulting in significant price fluctuations. To meet market demand, a method for rapid plant propagation is needed. The solution is to multiply plants through in vitro culture. The choice of growth media in in vitro culture is a crucial factor; Therefore, the media used must have sufficient nutrients for plant growth. This study aims to determine the effect of in vitro modified basic media types on the morphological growth of Dendrobium anosmum Lindl. mutant orchids resulting from gamma ray irradiation. This study was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, from January to April 2025, using a Completely Randomized Split Plot Factorial Design and 8 replications. The first factor was the type of gamma-ray irradiation mutant dose and the second factor was the type of in vitro modified base medium. The results showed a significant interaction between the gamma-ray irradiation dose and the type of in vitro modified base medium on the observed variable of plantlet height, but no interaction was observed for the other research variables. The type of modified FFM base medium produced the highest value for each type of D. anosmum mutant.
The Effect of Additional Organic Material Types in the Media on the Growth of Orchid Protocorm Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. in Vitro
Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. orchid is one of the types of natural orchids that has high aesthetic and economic value, but its existence in nature is starting to be threatened due to excessive exploitation and habitat destruction. Conservation and propagation efforts in vitro are effective alternative solutions. This study aims to determine the effect of adding organic materials to the media on the growth of protocorms in C. bicolor orchid plants in vitro culture. This research was conducted from November 2024 - March 2025 at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 8 treatments. The results showed that the provision of organic materials in the form of coconut water, potato porridge, and ambon banana porridge affected the growth of C. bicolor orchid protocorms. The ½ MS + coconut water media treatment had a very significant effect on several variables, namely the fastest shoot emergence time (3.2 DAT), the largest number of roots (3.41 pieces), the longest root length (2.58 cm), and the highest plantlet height (1.70 cm).
Phenotypic Performance of Pakisan Bird’s Eye Chili Landrace(Capsicum frutescens L.) under Various Application Rates ofSoil Amendments
Pakisan bird’s eye chili is a local landrace whose phenotypic performance requires improvement, particularly through the application of soil amendments such as biochar and animal manure. This study aimed to evaluate the phenotypic performance of the Pakisan landrace under various application rates of soil amendments. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Field of the Faculty of Agriculture and Engineering, Panji Sakti University, Singaraja. The experiment was designed by Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors. The first factor was the application rate of cashew nut shell biochar (CNSB) at four levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 t ha-1). The second factor was the application rate of goat manure compost (GMC) at three levels (0, 10, and 20 t ha-1). Plant phenotypic parameters, including plant height, leaf number, leaf area, root length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, total plant fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, total plant dry weight, and fruit yield per plant, were observed. The results indicated that increasing the CNSB rate up to 30 t ha-1 consistently enhanced the fruit yield per plant. Each additional 10 t ha-1 of CNSB increased the fruit yield by 6.71 g plant -1. Similarly, increasing the GMC rate up to 20 t ha1 led to a higher fruit yield, with each 10 t ha-1 increment increasing the yield by 7.58 g plant-1. The interaction between CNSB and GMC application rates significantly influenced fruit yield per plant (P < 0.01). The combination of 30 t ha-1 CNSB and 10 t ha-1 GMC produced the highest fruit yield per plant at the first harvest, reaching 84.00 g plant-1 . Consequently, the application of cashew nut shell biochar and goat manure compost, both individually and in combination, effectively enhances the phenotypic performance of the Pakisan bird’s eye chili landrace.
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Effect of Organic and Plastic Mulches on Growth and Yield of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under Organic Farming Conditions
The decline in peanut production occurs due to the lack of effective cultivation techniques. This study aims to improve cultivation techniques by utilizing mulch. The study was conducted from April to June 2025, peanut using the Gajah variety. Parameters measured included plant height, number of leaves, total weight of peanut plants, total number of pods, number of filled pods, number of empty pods, total pod weight, filled pod weight, empty pod weight, and seed weight. A randomized block design with four mulch treatments and three replications was applied. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and if there were differences, then tested with the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that not all parameters showed significant differences. Banana stem mulch(M1) significantly M1 significantly increased plant height of 29.61 cm, the number of filled pods of 26.50 plant, the weight of filled pods of 65.22 g, the weight of seeds of 36.05 g, and the weight of empty pods of 3.33 g compared with the control. Meanwhile, the use of mulch from Gynura procumbens leaves and black silver plastic mulch resulted in lower growth and yield parameters in peanut plants. This study shows that banana stem mulch has the potential to support the increase in organic peanut production sustainably, because it improves soil conditions and contains nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) which are good for growth.
Evaluation of Land Suitability for The Development of Fruit Horticultural Crops on Dryland in Banjar Sub- District, Buleleng District
Dryland areas in Banjar Sub-District, Buleleng Regency, possess considerable potential for the development of fruit horticultural crops; however, their utilization has not been optimized due to limited information regarding land suitability and appropriate land management practices. This study aimed to evaluate the actual and potential land suitability for fruit horticultural crops, identify the major limiting factors, and formulate land use recommendations to support sustainable agricultural development. The research was conducted from April to August 2025 through field surveys, soil sampling, laboratory analyses, and land evaluation using a matching method between land characteristics and crop growth requirements. The results indicated that the actual land suitability classes ranged from N (not suitable) to S2 (moderately suitable). The major limiting factors included climatic conditions, particularly temperature and rainfall, soil physical properties such as texture and effective soil depth, and low nutrient availability, especially nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Improvement measures through fertilization, application of organic amendments, and drainage management increased the potential land suitability to S2 (moderately suitable) and S1 (highly suitable) classes in several land units. Quantitatively, these improvement measures reduced soil fertility and soil property constraints, thereby increasing the level of land suitability for horticultural crop cultivation on dryland areas. These findings demonstrate that appropriate soil and water management can substantially improve dryland productivity and support sustainable horticultural development and land-use planning in Banjar Sub-District.
Perkecambahan In Vitro Biji Anggrek Vanda tricolor Lindl var. suavis dan Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl var. antropurpureum pada Media MS dengan Penambahan Berbagai Bahan Organik
In Vitro Germination of Orchid Seeds Vanda tricolor Lindl var. suavis and Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl var. antropurpureum on MS Medium with the Addition of Various Organic Supplements. Vanda tricolor Lindl. var. suavis and Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl. var. atropurpureum are epiphytic orchids with high aesthetic and economic value, making them potential for ornamental plant development. However, propagation through seeds remains challenging due to their tiny size and lack of endosperm. In vitro culture serves as an alternative solution to support efficient seed germination. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding organic supplements such a coconut water, mashed potato, and mashed banana to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium on the in vitro germination of both orchid species, as well as to identity the most effective treatment. The experiment was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, from December 2024 to April 2025, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in a split plot arrangement with two factors and three replicates. The results showed that V. tricolor responded best to ½ MS medium supplemented with 100 gL-1 mashed potato, achieving the highest germination and protocorm formation rate (88,33%) and the fastest germination time (21 days after sowing). Conversely, C. finlaysonianum showed the best response on the control medium (½ MS), with 11,65% protocorm formation. Media effectiveness was species dependent.
Respon Pertumbuhan Protokorm Anggrek Dendrobium macrophyllum A.Rich terhadap Penambahan Berbagai Bahan Organik pada Media Secara In Vitro
Growth Response of Dendrobium macrophyllum A. Rich Protocorm to the Addition of Various Organic Substances in In Vitro Media. Dendrobium macrophyllum A. Rich Orchid, commonly known as the Emerald Orchid, is a species renowned for its beauty, characterized by yellow to light green petals. This aesthetic appeal makes it a popular choice as an ornamental or potted plant. However, the species is frequently harvested excessively and uncontrollably, posing a threat to its population. In addition, activities such as deforestation and extensive land clearing have resulted in the destruction of its natural habitat. One conservation method employed to protect this orchid is propagation through in vitro culture. This study aims to determine the effect of organic materials on the growth of protocorms of D. macrophyllum A. Rich and to identify the most effective organic material for its protocorm development. The research was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, from December 2024 to March 2025. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used with a single factor consist of eight treatments: D0, Dp, Dk, Dka, Dpa, Dpk, and Dpka. Each treatment was replicated six times, total 48 experimental units. The results showed that the addition of banana pulp to the MS medium produced the best outcomes in terms of the time of shoot emergence, time of leaf emergence, and root length.
Perbedaan Mortalitas Hama Spodoptera frugiperda pada Tanaman Zea mays ceralina L. dengan Perlakuan Tiga Ekstrak Tanaman
The Difference in The Attack Intensity and Mortality Spodoptera frugiperda on Zea mays ceratina L. Plants Due to The Application of Three Plant Extracts. This study aims to examine: whether the use of these extracts gamal leaf extract (Gliricidia sepium), lemongrass extract (Cymbopogon citratus), and green betel leaf extract (Piper betle) differences in the mortality of armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) on glutinous corn plants. This research is a true experimental study using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and six replications, yielding 24 experimental units. The treatments applied were: A (control/no treatment), B (10% gamal leaf extract), C (10% lemongrass extract), and D (10% green betel leaf extract). The sample consisted of 120 third-instar Spodoptera frugiperda larvae, with five larvae used in each experimental unit. Mortality data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Dunn–Bonferroni post hoc test, also at the 5% significance level. The results showed that: on the third day, treatment with gamal leaf extract caused 70% mortality. These findings suggest that the 10% gamal leaf extract is the most effective in controlling Spodoptera frugiperda.
Effects of AB Mix and Azolla microphylla-Based Liquid Organic Fertilizer Proportions on the Growth and Yield of Water Spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) in a Wick Hydroponic System
Water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) is a fast-growing leafy vegetable with strong potential for household and urban farming systems. The wick hydroponic system offers a simple, low-cost, and energy-saving cultivation approach; however, its productivity depends strongly on the nutrient source used. This study evaluated the effects of different proportions of inorganic AB Mix and Azolla microphylla-based liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) on the growth and yield of water spinach cultivated in a wick hydroponic system. The experiment was conducted from April to July 2025 at the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia, using a randomized block design with one factor and four replications. Seven nutrient treatments were tested: water control, 100% AB Mix, 100% Azolla LOF, 75% AB Mix + 25% Azolla LOF, 50% AB Mix + 50% Azolla LOF, 25% AB Mix + 75% Azolla LOF, and 100% AB Mix + 100% Azolla LOF. The observed variables included plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter, leaf chlorophyll, root length, fresh and dry biomass, and shoot-to-root ratio. Analysis of variance showed that nutrient proportion significantly or highly significantly affected most growth and yield variables, except plant height and leaf number at 7 days after planting and shoot-to-root ratio. The combined 100% AB Mix + 100% Azolla LOF treatment produced the highest vegetative performance, whereas 100% Azolla LOF produced the highest total fresh weight (33.5 g plant−1), representing a 50.2% increase over the control. These findings indicate that Azolla microphylla-based LOF can be used as a sustainable nutrient source in wick hydroponics, either alone or combined with AB Mix, particularly for low-input urban vegetable production.
Effects of Growing Media and AB Mix Nutrient Concentration in an NFT Hydroponic System on the Growth and Yield of Celery (Apium graveolens L.)
Hydroponic cultivation is a soilless production system in which plant nutrient requirements are supplied through a nutrient solution. Growing medium and nutrient concentration are important factors determining the success of celery (Apium graveolens L.) cultivation in a Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different growing media and AB Mix nutrient concentrations on the growth and yield of celery. The experiment was arranged in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was growing medium, consisting of pumice, rice husk charcoal, and rockwool. The second factor was AB Mix nutrient concentration, consisting of K0 (125 ppm), K1 (900 ppm), K2 (1200 ppm), and K3 (1500 ppm). Observed variables included plant height, number of leaves, leaf color, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, and root volume. The results showed that growing medium and its interaction with nutrient concentration significantly affected plant height, number of leaves, leaf color, and dry weight. Rice husk charcoal consistently produced the best growth response, particularly at 1500 ppm AB Mix. The combination of rice husk charcoal and 1500 ppm AB Mix produced the highest plant height (15.43 cm), number of leaves (15.00 leaves), leaf color score (3.67), root length (7.63 cm), fresh weight (7.43 g), dry weight (2.13 g), and root volume (5.00 cm3). Therefore, rice husk charcoal combined with 1500 ppm AB Mix is recommended for improving celery growth and yield in NFT hydroponic cultivation.
Pengaruh Pemberian POC Rebung Bambu terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Tanaman Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.)
The Effect of Bamboo Shoot Liquid Organic Fertilizer on the Growth and Production of Pakchoy Plants (Brassica rapa L.). Pakchoy (Brassica rapa L.) is one of the types of horticultural plants that is easy to cultivate. The growth and quality of pakcoy are currently declining due to several issues, namely non-fertile soil such as ultisol soil, and excessive use of chemical fertilizers. The purpose of this research is to determine the growth and production response of pakchoy plants to the application of different concentrations of liquid organic fertilizer from bamboo shoots and to identify the best concentration. The research uses the Randomized Block Design (RBD) experimental method. There are 3 treatments used in this study, namely 100% NPK (P1), 100ml of liquid organic fertilizer from bamboo shoots + 50% NPK (P2), and 120ml of liquid organic fertilizer from bamboo shoots + 50% NPK (P3). The number of treatments is 3 and repeated 9 times, resulting in 27 experimental units. Each experimental unit contains 20 plants, including 10 sample plants, resulting in a total pakcoy plant population of 540 plants and a sample size of 270 plants. The maintenance carried out includes weeding, watering, and fertilizing. The parameters observed were the number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length, fresh weight, crown weight, root weight, and root length. Based on the research results, the treatment application shows that there is no significant effect between treatments on the observation variables of the number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length, fresh weight, and canopy weight. The application of a concentration of 100ml of liquid organic fertilizer from bamboo shoots + 50% NPK showed significantly different results for the observation parameters of root weight and root length, thereby reducing the use of chemical fertilizers for sustainable environmental conservation. The application of bamboo shoot liquid can also accelerate the harvest period to 3 weeks after planting with an average weight of 237g.
Aplikasi Mikoriza dan Pupuk Organik Cair terhadap Hasil Cabai Merah
Application of Mycorrhiza and Liquid Organic Fertilizer on the Yield of Red Chili. Red chili is a vital horticultural crop in Indonesia. To improve its production, advancements in agricultural technology are required. This study aims to determine the most effective dose of FMA and POC to enhance the yield. This study was carried out on dry land of Sukoharjo Regency an altitude 110 meters above sea level. The study designed in Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with 3 replication. The first factor was mycorrhizae with three dosages levels of 0, 5, and 10 gr/ plant. The second factor was POC with 4 different concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 15 ml/L. The application mycorrhiza and Liquid organic fertilizer resulted increased yield namely in fruit number, length, weight, and overall productivity. The optimum productivity was resulted in combination of Mycorrhizal 10 grams per plant and 15 ml/L of liquid organic fertilizer at 11,16 ton/ha.
Efektivitas Minyak Atsiri Serai Dapur (Cymbopogon citratus) untuk Menghambat Pertumbuhan Jamur Lasiodiplodia sp. Penyebab Busuk Buah pada Anggur Bali (Vitis vinifera L. var. Alphonso Lavalle)
Effectiveness of Lemongrass Essential Oil (Cymbopogon citratus) to Inhibit the Growth of Lasiodiplodia sp. the Cause of Fruit Rot Disease in Balinese Grapes (Vitis vinifera L. var. Alphonso Lavalle). Balinese grape (Vitis vinifera L. var. Alphonso Lavalle) is a local Balinese fruit crop that is widely cultivated in the Buleleng Regency area. One of the pathogens that can attack this plant is the fungus Lasiodiplodia sp. which causes grape fruit rot. The use of botanical pesticides can be an alternative disease control that is more environmentally friendly, one of them is by using essential oil of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus). This research is conducted to evaluate lemongrass essential oil effectiveness to inhibit fungus Lasiodiplodia sp. growth causing fruit rot on Balinese grapes. The in vitro inhibition test of lemongrass essential oil was done on PDA medium using a range of concentrations namely 0,1%; 0,2%; 0,3%; 0,4%; 0,5%; 0,6%; 0,7%; 0,8%; and control. Effectiveness test of lemongrass essential oil against Lasiodiplodia sp. in vivo on grapes fruits was done using concentrations including 0%; 0,3%; 0,6%; 0,9%; 1,2%; and 1,5%. Results showed that under in vitro condition lemongrass essential oil at a concentration of 0,3% was significantly (p<0,05) inhibited Lasiodiplodia sp. growth with percentage of inhibition by 100%, while under in vivo test the concentration of 1,5% was effective in suppressing fruit rot disease on Balinese grapes fruits caused by Lasiodiplodia sp. with a percentage of disease incidence by 57,5%.
Pengaruh Jenis dan Konsentrasi Nutrisi terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Kangkung (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) dengan Hidroponik Sistem Sumbu
The Effect of Nutrient Type and Concentration on The Growth and Yield of Water Spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) in Wick Hydroponic System. Water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) is an annual leafy vegetable with long green leaves and crisp young stems. Its production has declined over the past three years. Hydroponics, a modern cultivation innovation, is expected to address this issue. Nutrient management is critical in hydroponics, as water lacks nutrients naturally found in soil. This study aimed to determine the optimal substitution percentage of inorganic AB Mix nutrients with organic alternatives. This study used a nested randomized block design with two factors and four replications: (1) combinations of AB Mix with organic hydroponic nutrients (spoiled rice liquid organic fertilizer and Eco Enzyme) and (2) substitution percentages (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100). The study results indicate that the best treatment using a combination of AB Mix with spoiled rice liquid organic fertilizer occurred at 0% substitution, but showed no significant difference compared to 25% substitution. For the combination with Eco Enzyme, the optimal performance was also at 0% substitution, but it was statistically comparable to substitutions of 25% and 50%. The combination of AB Mix with Eco Enzyme showed no significant difference compared to AB Mix combined with spoiled rice liquid organic fertilizer. The study concludes that AB Mix can be substituted with spoiled rice liquid organic fertilizer up to 25% and with Eco Enzyme up to 50% without negatively affecting water spinach growth or yield in hydroponic systems.
Aplikasi Trichokompos Limbah Ternak Ayam dengan Kombinasi Pupuk NPK terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Pakcoy
The Effect of Trichocompost Application of Chicken Manure with a Combination of NPK Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Pakcoy Plants. The management of pakcoy vegetable production requires improving soil quality and proper fertilization systems. The obstacle faced by vegetable farmers is that limited agricultural land requires farmers to use suboptimal land, such as ultisol soils which have low nutrient content and high acidity levels. This causes the growth and yield of pakcoy plants to be less than optimal. The solution is in the form of using organic fertilizers such as trichocompost with raw materials from chicken livestock waste, enriched with Trichoderma sp. combined with NPK fertilizer. The study aims to analyze the effect of trichocompost application with the combination of NPK fertilizer on the response of pakcoy plants. The study applied the one-factor Group Random Design method, including four treatments and six replicates. The results of the study stated that the combination of 100 grams of chicken waste trichocompost with 50% NPK fertilizer was able to provide the best results on the growth of stem diameter, fresh weight and crown weight of pakcoy plants. This study shows that the use of trichocompost in the right dosage can reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers, increase the efficiency of fertilizer use and improve the quality of the soil in a sustainable manner.
Pemanfaatan Pupuk Kandang dan Mikoriza terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L)
Utilization of Manure and Mycorrhiza on the Growth and Yield of Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.). Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) are one of the horticultural commodities needed by the community as food. Increasing P uptake and onion growth and production can be done by applying manure and mycorrhiza. he purpose of this study is to identify the optimal mycorrhizal dosage and manure type to enhance shallot growth, yield, and P absorption. With an elevation of ± 1,340 meters above sea level and Andisol soil type, the study was carried out at the Berastagi Agricultural Technology Research and Assessment Installation in Dolat Rayat District, Karo Regency, North Sumatra, between June and August 2023. Three replications of a factorial Randomized Block Design were employed. In general, the application of the type of manure has a significant effect on plant height at 5 MST and 6 MST, tuber weight per clump, plant weight per plot, tuber wrap, tuber dry weight. The type of chicken manure can improve and make a noticeable difference to the growth and yield of onion plants. Mycorrhizal application of 10 g/plant can markedly increase tubers per clump, tuber weight per plot, tuber wrap, tuber dry weight per clump, mycorrhizal infection degree and plant P uptake. Application of chicken shrimp fertilizer and mycorrhiza 10 g / plant can increase tuber weight per clump and P uptake of plants.
Proses Invasi, Dinamika Populasi dan Intensitas Serangan Neotoxoptera formosana (Takahashi) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) pada Tanaman Bawang Daun di Bali
Invasion, Population Dynamics and Damage Intensity of Neotoxoptera formosana (Takahashi) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Leek Crops in Bali. Onion aphids are an important invasive pest of leek leaves and stems in many parts of the world. It has been morphologically identified as N. formosana in Bogor but has never been reported in Bali. This study aims to evaluate the development of poipulation, percentage of attack and intensity of attack on leek plants at several altitudes in Bali. This study used survey method with diagonal sampling method. The results showed indications that the population, percentage and intensity of attack were higher in the medium altitude area (900 masl), compared to the high altitude (1247 masl) and low altitude (1500 masl). The highest population density was 100.8 individuals per clump at 900 masl. Meanwhile, the percentage and intensity of infestation increased with increasing plant age, and peaked at 61% at 900 masl, 46% at 1247 masl, and 40% at 1500 masl. These findings are important information in designing integrated management strategies and technologies for this pest in Indonesia.
Skrining Isolat Bakteri Pelarut Kalium Melalui Uji Hipersensitivitas, Uji Hemolisis, Serta Pengujian Viabilitas
Screening of Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria Using Hypersensitivity, Hemolysis, and Viability Tests. This study aimed to evaluate the biosafety and viability of Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria (KSB) as potential biofertilizers through hypersensitivity testing on tobacco plants, hemolysis testing on Blood Agar media, and viability assessment using molasses and zeolite as carrier media stored at 27oC (room temperature) and 4oC (refrigerator). Hypersensitivity testing showed that the KSB isolate was non-pathogenic to plants, as indicated by negative reactions on tobacco leaves. Hemolysis testing indicated gamma-hemolysis, with no clear zones or color changes on Blood Agar, confirming that the isolate is non-pathogenic and safe for humans and animals. Viability was assessed using Total Plate Count (TPC) on molasses and zeolite as carrier media at 27 oC and 4 oC on days 14 and 28 after inoculation. The results showed that the KSB isolate in molasses stored at 27°C exhibited the highest population growth, reaching 5,6x10⁸ CFU/ml on day 14 and 6,7x10⁹ CFU/ml on day 28. In comparison, the KSB isolate in zeolite at the same temperature showed lower growth, 3,9x10⁸ CFU/g on day 14 and 1,1x10⁹ CFU/g on day 28. Both carriers stored at 4 °C showed slight declines in population, reaching 7,7x105 CFU/ml (molasses) and 3,9x106 CFU/g (zeolite) on day 28. These results indicate that molasses at room temperature (27 °C) is the most suitable carrier for maintaining viable KSB populations, supporting the development of safe and effective potassium-solubilizing biofertilizers that improve plant nutrient availability and ensure biosafety.
Potential of Ethanol Extract of Kirinyuh Leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.) as a Botanical Biopesticide for Controlling Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Maize Leaves (Zea mays L.) under Laboratory Conditions
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a strategic cereal crop with high economic value in Indonesia. However, its productivity is frequently constrained by fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith), an invasive pest that causes severe leaf damage and yield losses. Excessive reliance on synthetic insecticides may increase pest resistance, environmental contamination, and risks to human health; therefore, botanical insecticides are increasingly explored as safer alternatives. This study evaluated the potential of ethanol extract of kirinyuh leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.) as a botanical biopesticide against second-instar S. frugiperda larvae on maize leaves under laboratory conditions. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with six treatments, consisting of a control and kirinyuh leaf extract concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%, with four replications. Maize leaves were treated using a leaf-dip bioassay, and larval mortality was observed every 24 h for 168 h after application. The effects of the extract on pupal and adult abnormalities were also recorded. The results showed that kirinyuh leaf ethanol extract significantly affected larval mortality and insect development. The highest larval mortality was obtained at 10% extract concentration, reaching 50% at 168 h after application. The extract also disrupted metamorphosis, with the 2% concentration producing the highest pupal abnormality (47.5%), whereas the 4%, 8%, and 10% concentrations produced 2.5% abnormal adults. These findings indicate that kirinyuh leaf ethanol extract has moderate insecticidal and developmental-disrupting activity against S. frugiperda, but further optimization of concentration, formulation, and application frequency is required before practical field use.
Effects of Seed Soaking Treatments and Growing Media on Growth, Yield, and Disease Incidence of Sunflower Microgreens (Helianthus Annuus L.)
Sunflower microgreens (Helianthus annuus L.) are high-value horticultural products with promising nutritional attributes; however, their productivity is often constrained by non-uniform germination and early disease incidence. This study evaluated the effects of seed soaking treatments and growing media on growth, yield, disease incidence, and vitamin C content of sunflower microgreens. The experiment was arranged in a two-factor completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was seed soaking treatment: no soaking, soaking in distilled water at 23°C for 12 h, soaking in hot water at 50°C for 10 min, and soaking in a Trichoderma-based biological agent at 5 mL L-1 for 24 h. The second factor was growing medium: rockwool, cocopeat, and peatmoss. Observed variables included disease incidence, radicle emergence, cotyledon emergence, germination, microgreen establishment, plant height, economic fresh weight, and vitamin C content. The results showed significant treatment effects on several growth and yield variables. Seed soaking with the biological agent produced the best overall performance, particularly for germination percentage (84.89%), economic fresh weight per plant (449.78 mg), economic fresh weight per tray (21,167.78 mg), and vitamin C content (142.76 mg 100 g-1). Peatmoss supported higher vegetative growth and biomass accumulation, whereas cocopeat resulted in the highest vitamin C content (143.73 mg 100 g-1) but lower vegetative performance. These findings indicate that appropriate seed soaking and growing medium selection are essential for improving sunflower microgreen production and quality.
Effectiveness of Legundi Leaf Powder Seed Coating (Vitex trifolia L.) on Rice Seeds Against Rice Weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.) Mortality
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the main food commodities in Indonesia. However, rice production has declined in recent years. One factor contributing to this decline is seed deterioration. During storage, rice seeds are commonly infested by rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.). One solution to this problem is the application of seed coating technology using botanical insecticides. This study aimed to develop seed coating technology using legundi leaf powder and evaluate its effect on S. oryzae mortality. The study used a completely randomized design consisting of five legundi leaf powder dose treatments (D) and one control, namely D0: control, D1: 5 g/50 g seeds, D2: 7.5 g/50 g seeds, D3: 10 g/50 g seeds, D4: 12.5 g/50 g seeds, and D5: 15 g/50 g seeds. The observed variables were S. oryzae mortality, seed germination, and maximum seed growth potential. The results showed that treatment D5 produced the highest S. oryzae mortality (80%), which was significantly different from treatments D0, D1, D2, and D3, but not significantly different from treatment D4 (50%). The application of different doses of legundi leaf powder had no significant effect (ns) on seed germination and maximum growth potential.
Identifikasi dan Evaluasi Tingkat Keparahan Penyakit Blas Tanaman Padi serta Pengetahuan Petani di Kabupaten Gianyar
Identification and evaluation of disease severity and farmer’s knowledge of rice blast disease in Gianyar Regency. Blast is a primary disease in rice caused by Pyricularia oryzae. The symptoms of blast disease are characterized by diamond-shaped spots, brown edge and grayish-white spot on the inside. The aim of this research were to identify incident, severity and farmer’s knowledge of rice blast disease in five sub-districts in Gianyar Regency. The research were done by direct interview of 60 farmers and observation of rice blast disease. Every sub-district with a minimum area of 1.000 m2 and 10 rice plots was used for observations. From each plot, 10 diagonally selected clumps were examined for blast disease symptoms in the early vegetative, late vegetative, and generative phase. The results showed that Ubud District had the highest incidence of blast disease in the early vegetative phase (37.5%), followed by Tegallalang District in the late vegetative phase (62.9%) and generative phase (53.3%). Sukawati District had the lowest percentage across all phase with percentage of 20.3%, 42.6% and 38.5%. Furthermore, Sukawati District had the highest percentage of disease severity across all phase (11.84%, 32.03% and 40.23%), while Tampaksiring District had the lowest rates in early vegetative phase (4.21%) and generative phase (10.38%), followed by Ubud District in the late vegetative phase (5.29%). Based on the results, Tegallalang District and Sukawati District had the highest disease incident and severity, while Sukawati District and Tampaksiring District had the lowest disease incident and severity. Furthermore, the majority of farmers possess limited understanding of the causes and management of blast disease (78.33% and 96.67%). Thus, education and outreach regarding rice cultivation techniques and disease control are necessary to reduce prevent blast attacks in rice.
Propagasi Cendawan Mikoriza Arbuskula (CMA) Glomus sp. dengan Kombinasi Pupuk NK, Hara Johnson, dan Kompos pada Inang Jagung Dalam Budidaya Greenhouse
Propagation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Glomus sp. with the Combination of NK Fertilizer, Johnson Nutrients, and Compost on Maize Host in Greenhouse Cultivation. Indonesian farmers are now facing obstacles in obtaining fertile and productive land. Unfertile land can be improved by applying biofertilizers. The biofertilizer that can be utilized is Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). This research effort was conducted by testing fertilizers that form the best combination for the propagation of AMF spores. This study aims to test and determine the combination of Glomus sp. Spores and several types of fertilizers can optimize the increase in spore quantity and identify the best fertilizer for enhancing colonization on maize roots (Zea mays L.). The research used a Randomized Block Design with four treatments on corn plants over 60 days, namely a positive control using 10 Glomus sp. spores without fertilizer combination (A); 10 Glomus sp. spores and 5 g of NK fertilizer (B); 10 Glomus sp. spores and 20 mL of Johnson's nutrient solution (C); and 10 Glomus sp. spores and 10 g of compost fertilizer (D). The observed parameters are root length; wet and dry weight of the roots; wet and dry weight of the shoots; the number of spores for each treatment; and the percentage of AMF colonization on the roots. Spores were obtained through the wet sieving method. The colonization calculation was performed using the slide method. Quantitative data analysis using ANOVA followed by Duncan's test. The research results show that combining fertilizer with Glomus sp. spores can optimize colonization and the number of mycorrhizal spores in the soil. The best degree of the host plant’s root colonization is shown in combination with NK fertilizer, which is 84.56%. (very high).
Growth and Yield of Pak Choy (Brassica rapa L.) under Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Applications in Latosol Soil
Pakchoy is a vegetables crop with high economic and nutritional value. It also exhibits rapid growth and can thrive in both warm and cool climates, making it is suitable for cultivation in both highland and lowland areas. This study aimed to determine the optimal combination and dosage of organic and inorganic fertilizers. The research was conducted from March to April 2025 in the Greenhouse of the Experimental Garden, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University. A factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used, with the first factor being organic fertilizer (compost) at four levels: 0, 20, 40, and 60 g/plant, and the second factor being inorganic fertilizer (urea) at four levels: 0, 1, 2, and 3 g/plant. Each treatment was replicated three times. The results showed that the application of inorganic fertilizer (urea) alone had a significant effect effect on plant height, root length, fresh and dry root weight, and fresh plant weight. Inorganic fertilizer (urea) at the 2 g/plant dosage showed the highest and significantly different value for the fresh weight variable (107.67 g). On the other hand, organic fertilizer (compost) alone does not have a significant effect on any of the observed variables. Moreover, no significant interaction was found between the two factors.
Penggunaan Kombinasi Bicomat dan Pupuk Organik terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Sawi pada Tanah Pasca Galian-C
The Use of a Combination of Bicomat and Organic Fertilizer on the Growth of Mustard Plants in Post-C Excavation Soil. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the combination of bicomat (biochar coated humate) and organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of mustard greens (Brassica juncea L.). The study was conducted at the Green House-Science Techno Park, Tribhuwana Tunggadewi University, Malang, in October-December 2024. Post-mining C soil was combined with bicomat (biochar coated humate) and organic fertilizer tithonia/silkworms, which were divided into 5 treatment combinations, then planted with mustard greens. Plant height (4 weeks after planting), root length (4 weeks after planting), number of leaves (1-4 weeks after planting), and wet-dry weight after harvest were observed. The results showed that the application of the combination of bicomat and organic matter had a significant effect on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, and wet-dry weight of mustard greens. The B2PT2 treatment (Bicomat 20t/ha+300g tithonia compost fertilizer) increased the growth results and the highest yield (plant height 4 weeks after planting, number of leaves, and dry weight) and the B1PU1 treatment (Bicomat 10t/ha+200g silkworm manure) increased the fresh weight yield of mustard greens.
Exploration, Morphological Characterization, and Phenetic Relationship Analysis of Eria Orchids in Pancasari Forest, Bali
Orchids (Orchidaceae) are among the most diverse and economically important ornamental plants in Indonesia. The genus Eria comprises epiphytic orchids with ecological, conservation, breeding, and potential pharmacological value; however, its local diversity remains insufficiently documented in several forest habitats. This study aimed to explore, identify, and characterize Eria orchids in Pancasari Forest, Bali, and to assess their morphology-based phenetic relationships. Field exploration was conducted from June to December 2024. Species identification was performed using literature-based morphological comparison and interviews with local orchid collectors, whereas characterization included vegetative and reproductive characters of stems, leaves, flowers, and pseudobulbs. Qualitative and quantitative morphological data were analyzed descriptively and subjected to cluster analysis using the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) method in Minitab 19. Four Eria species were recorded and characterized: Eria hyacinthoides, Eria iridifolia, Eria multiflora, and Eria verruculosa. The species differed in leaf shape, leaf margin, leaf apex, leaf surface texture, flower type, flowering position, aroma, sepal and petal morphology, and several quantitative characters such as stem or pseudobulb length, leaf size, flower diameter, and pseudobulb diameter. Cluster analysis indicated that the recorded taxa/accessions were separated into distinct phenetic groups with low similarity, suggesting considerable morphological divergence. The results provide baseline information for local orchid conservation and may support future breeding programs, although molecular validation is recommended to confirm taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships.
Morphological Characterization and Phenetic Relationship Analysis of Paphiopedilum Orchids
Paphiopedilum orchids are among the most distinctive and conservation-priority members of Orchidaceae because of their ornamental value, restricted distribution, and vulnerability to habitat loss and overexploitation. This study aimed to characterize the morphology of four Paphiopedilum species and to assess their morphology-based phenetic relationships as preliminary information for conservation and breeding programs. Plant materials were obtained from orchid collectors and nurseries associated with the Pancasari area, Buleleng Regency, Bali, from July to December 2024. Qualitative and quantitative characters of leaves, stems, flowers, and flower stalks were observed using standard orchid characterization descriptors, including the RHS Colour Chart for color identification. Morphological data were analyzed descriptively and subjected to UPGMA clustering using Euclidean distance in Minitab 22. Four species were characterized: Paphiopedilum agusii, Paphiopedilum javanicum, Paphiopedilum lowii, and Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum. Clear interspecific variation was observed in leaf shape, leaf margin, leaf apex, leaf surface texture, leaf symmetry, inflorescence type, flower aroma, sepal and petal morphology, flower color, and several quantitative characters. Paphiopedilum lowii showed the most prominent dimensions, particularly in leaf length, flower diameter, and flower stalk length, and appeared as the most divergent taxon in the cluster analysis. Paphiopedilum agusii and Paphiopedilum javanicum showed the closest phenetic relationship. These findings provide baseline morphological information for Paphiopedilum germplasm documentation, conservation planning, and preliminary parent selection in breeding programs. Molecular analysis and voucher-based taxonomic validation are recommended to strengthen the interpretation of evolutionary relationships.
Evaluation of Land Capability and Land-Use Direction in Baturiti District, Tabanan Regency
Rapid population growth and agricultural expansion in Baturiti District, Tabanan Regency, have increased pressure on land resources, particularly on sloping highland areas. Land use that exceeds land capability may accelerate erosion, reduce soil productivity, and increase environmental degradation. This study aimed to evaluate land capability classes, determine land-use directions, and formulate land management recommendations for Baturiti District. The study used field surveys, purposive soil sampling in homogeneous land units (HLUs), laboratory soil analysis, and spatial overlay of land capability and land-use planning criteria. Parameters considered included slope, effective soil depth, drainage, rock outcrop or surface stones, flood hazard, soil texture, salinity, and permeability. Land capability was classified based on the criteria of Hockensmith and Steel as adopted by Arsyad, while land-use direction was determined using the scoring criteria of Sukartiko. The results showed that Baturiti District consisted of four land capability classes: Class II covering 3,532 ha (35.61%), Class III covering 836 ha (8.43%), Class IV covering 3,003 ha (30.27%), and Class VI covering 2,547 ha (25.68%). The dominant limiting factors were erosion-related constraints, including slope, soil erodibility, and actual erosion, followed by effective soil depth, permeability, and somewhat poor drainage. Recommended land-use directions consisted of perennial crop cultivation areas (3,444.2 ha), seasonal crop cultivation areas (2,524.3 ha), buffer zones (1,401.2 ha), and production forest areas (2,547.0 ha). Recommended management practices include terrace improvement, contour tillage, cover crops, strip or alley cropping, drainage improvement, mulching, balanced fertilization, and agroforestry systems. These findings provide a spatially based reference for sustainable land management and conservation planning in Baturiti District.
Pengaruh Pemberian Pupuk Organik Cair Urine Kelinci terhadap Pertumbuhan Vegetatif Tembakau (Nicotiana tabacum ‘Melati Tumpang’)
The Effect of Rabbit Urine Liquid Organic Fertilizer on the Vegetative Growth of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum ‘Melati Tumpang’). Tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) jasmine tumpang is one of the most important plantation commodities in Indonesia. Continuous use of chemical fertilizers can have negative impacts on both the environment and the plants themselves. One alternative to avoid the continuous use of chemical fertilizers is to use liquid organic fertilizers such as liquid organic fertilizers of rabbit urine. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect and concentration of rabbit urine POC on the growth of tobacco plants. This study used a 1-factor randomized block design (RAK) with a concentration of rabbit urine POC consisting of 6 levels with 4 replications. The variables observed were plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter, root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, fresh weight of the stover, dry weight of the stover, fresh weight of the leaves, and dry weight of the leaves. The data obtained were analyzed using the ANOVA method (Analysis of Variance) following the RAK (randomized block design) procedure of 1 factor (single factor) and if the results of the treatment had a significant effect, it was continued with the DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) level of 5%. The results of the study showed that the administration of rabbit urine POC significantly increased the growth of tobacco plants. A concentration of 30 ml/L (K2) gave the highest results in fresh leaf weight (162.85 g/tree) increased by 198.80% compared to the control (54.50 g/tree), and in dry leaf weight (38.22 g/tree) increased by 181.23% compared to the control (13.59 g/tree). The concentration of 30 ml/L (K2) had better tobacco leaf growth compared to other treatments.